1. Time-Phased Inventory & Backlog Conservation
Every period t in WorldPulse obeys strict material and backlog conservation:
EndingInv(t) = max(0, StartInv(t) + Arrivals(t) − Shipped(t)) and
Backlog(t) = Backlog(t−1) + Demand(t) − Shipped(t).
Crucially, WorldPulse separates Delayed Receipts (cargo held on water during a Cape of Good Hope reroute that arrives in a later week)
from Cancelled Supply (permanently lost supplier output that never enters the pipeline unless replaced by an alternate source).